WORLD BANK & MARD - FOREST SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
National Ethnic Minority and
Social Impact Specialists
Dr. Ha Huu Nga
Abbreviations and Acronyms
CNA Conservation Needs Assessment
CPCU Central Project Coordination Unit
CPC Commune People’s Committee
CTA Chief Technical Advisor
CWG Commune Working Group
DEC District Extension Center
DIU District Implementation Unit
DPC District People’s Committee
DOF Department of Forestry
EM Ethnic Minority
EMDP Ethnic Minority Development Plan
EMDS Ethnic Minority Development
Strategy
EMDDS Ethnic Minority Development DIU
Staff
EM-SD Ethnic Minority and Social
Development
EM-SIS National Ethnic Minority
and Social Impacts specialist
FSDP Forest Sector Development Project
FFG Farm Forestry Group
FSSP Forest Sector Support Program
FPD Forest Protection Department
HH Household
LUC Land Use Certificate
MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
NOL Non-Objection Letter
OMP Operational Management Plans
PA Protected Area
PEC Provincial Extension Centre
PIM Project Implementation Manual
PP Project Proposals
PPMUs Provincial Project Management Units
PPC Provincial People’s Committee
RTA Regional Technical Assistance
SA Social Assessments
SFE State Forest Enterprise
SUF Special Use Forest
TA Technical Assistance
TL Team Leader
TOR Terms of Reference
USD United States Dollars
VCF Vietnam Conservation Fund
VBSP Vietnam Bank for Social Policies
VND Vietnam Dong
WB World Bank
List of Contents
Summary
1. Background
1.1.Objectives
1.2. Terms of Reference
1.3. Team Mobilization
1.4. Strategy and methodology for implementation
2. Specific Outputs
2.1. Outputs achieved under collaboration with the Ethnic
Minority Specialist:
2.2. Outputs achieved in
liaison with the provincial
participation consultants
2.3. Outputs achieved with the TAs, CPCU, PPMUs, DIUs,
CWGs and villagers:
3. Assessment and Evaluation
3.1. Assessment and Evaluation of EMDPs’ Implementation
Outcomes and Impacts:
3.2. Lessons learnt from the implementation of the EMDPs’
activities
4. Recommendations
4.1. Recruitment of DIU EMDP staff for New EMDPs
4.2. Facilitation of New EMDPs Implementation:
4.3. Assessment and Evaluation of EMDPs Case Studies:
4.4. A conference of Assessment and Evaluation of EMDPs:
5. Appendices
5.1. All Field Trips conducted
5.2. Traing Workshops and Training Courses conducted
5.3. Terms of Reference for Ethnic Minority Development
DIU Staff
5.4. FSDP Ethnic Minority Communes
5.5. Set of indicators for assessment of EMDPs in the
case studies
5.6. Assessment of EMDPs Implementation Results Until 31
October, 2009
1. Background
1.1.Objectives
In accordance
with OD 4.20, MARD has prepared a draft Ethnic Minority Development Strategy
(EMDS), which was adopted by MARD through Decision 746 QD/BNN-LN of March 30,
2004. The ethnic minority development strategy aims to promote opportunities of
positive project impact on ethnic minority people, reduce risk of negative impact. The central element of the strategy is to
reinforce local participation of ethnic minority people in regional development
activities / projects. Through the strategy, participation of local ethnic
minority communities is reinforced in two ways: (i) By encouraging local ethnic
minority representatives to formally participate in project management issues
at the local level; and (ii) By promoting a participatory process for the
design of plantations, and the improved management of protected areas.
The preparation
of EMDPs is required for every project commune with more than 20% ethnic
minority people. Thus each of the project communes with one or more ethnic
minority communities, or mixed communities, prepares an Ethnic Minority
Development Plan to promote activities that create opportunities for the
concerned communities. These activities are not designed for alternative income
generation activities, but focus more on strengthening the capacity of the
Ethnic Minority people to ensure that they can participate in the project
successfully. The budget for each Development Activity is limited to USD 600.
The total budget for the Development Activities is USD 750,000, including 10%
for facilitation and USD 100,000 for contingencies.
1.2. Terms of Reference
The National
Ethnic Minority and Social Impacts specialist (EM-SIS) was mobilized on board
from November, 2007 with the following scope of work and main responsibilities:
i) To work closely with the International Ethnic Minority Specialist and
provincial project staff to ensure that they are aware of the provisions of the
Ethnic Minority Development Strategy and the Resettlement Policy Framework, and
that they act according to those provisions when relevant; ii) To liaise with
and the provincial participation consultants to ensure that they are aware of
the provisions of the Ethnic Minority Development Strategy and the Resettlement
Policy Framework, and that they act according to those provisions when
relevant; iii) To prepare development plans for ethnic minority communes. This
will mainly be done through a series of joint visits to these communes. The
plan will be fully based on the ethnic minority development strategy prepared
by MARD and will be prepared through the participatory process designed through
the project’s social assessment; iv) To identify facilitators among NGOs or
training institutions already active in the districts of these communes, or
among other local institutions to implement the ethnic minority development
plans; v) To identify among existing training material in human resource
development and community capacity strengthening in Vietnam materials
appropriate to the needs and communication skills of ethnic minority people in
the 4 project provinces. To supervise their adjustment for use in the project
area; vi) To assist and ensure the implementation of the plans in the ethnic
minority communes; vii) To assist provincial project offices to prepare plans
for ethnic minority communes; viii) To review the use of training material and
make improvements if needed; ix) To undertake training and workshops for
relevant project staff in the field; x) To continuously assess the impacts of
the project in ethnic minority communities, and assist in the final evaluation
of the project; xi) To assess on an ongoing basis the extent to which
acquisition of land and assets is required and ensure that any land or asset
acquisition is undertaken in compliance with the provisions of the resettlement
policy framework; xii) To assist in the preparation of a report regarding
lessons learned in ethnic minority communities, and the relevance and potential
of plantation forestry for reduction of poverty in these communities.
1.3. Team Mobilization
Table
1. Timing for Specialists under the Package 1
Post
|
Fielded
|
Person-Months
|
Chief Technical Advisor/ Team Leader
|
October 18, 2007
|
42
|
Senior Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist
|
17 December, 2007
|
18
|
International Ethnic Minority/ Social Development Specialist
|
14 January 2008
|
6
|
Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist
|
October 2007
|
40
|
National Ethnic Minority/ Social development Specialist
|
04 Nov 2007
|
24
|
Total:
|
130
|
1.4. Strategy and methodology for implementation
1.4.1. Provision of advice to the CPCU
Ethnic Minority
and Social Impact Specialists will facilitate developing the strategy of
implementation of Ethnic Minority and Social Developmental activities, and
setting up of the specific roles and responsibilities of the relevant personel
with the CPCU and the PPMUs. Activities
of the Technical Assistance team can thus be summarized as follows: 1) Review and improve on ethnic minority
development measures: i) Initial assessment of measures; ii) Revision of guidelines and parameters; Assessment
of measures will include looking at the cultural and socioeconomic particularities
of the four project provinces, and defining parameters for the measurement of
possible cultural and socioeconomic impacts from project implementation and its
results. An important activity of these assessments will thus be to examine
current EMDPs and Development Activities thus far to provide recommendations
for their improvement, and examining training materials to support EMDP
activities to provide recommendations for improvement as needed. 2) Training, Impact Assessment, and Reporting:
i) Training and awareness on ethnic
minority issues; ii) Assessment of project general impact to ethnic minorities;
iii) Ethnic minority case studies on FSDP impact (update assessment of social
risks and opportunities); iv) Training on social aspects, including ethnic
minority development plans/ activities. 3) Guidelines on sociocultural
aspects of FSDP: i) Guidance to
project stakeholders on social/ cultural aspects of FSDP; ii) Guidelines
for conducting sociocultural monitoring throughout the project components at
the various levels; iii) Guidelines on social and cultural aspects of FSDP; iv)
Guidance for mainstreaming all EM concerns to the project components at the
various levels; v) Guidance for assessment of project impacts to community
groups (minority and non-minority) at target sites; vi) Guidance to prevent
social risks to ethnic and non-ethnic community groups, but ethnic in particular.
4) Dissemination of drafted guidelines through training workshops and
Monitoring on implementation of guidelines throughout the project components.
5) Social Aspects of Project
Implementation and Planning and Establishment of Smallholder Forest Plantations: i)
Preparation and Information Campaign phase carried out by the Provincial and
District Implementation Units in the planting districts and communes
respectively; ii) Village Participatory
Process phase carried out by District Implementation Units and the Community
Working Groups with assistance from the Provincial Management Units; iii) The
Land Allocation phase which undertaken by the District Land Office; iv) The
Plantation Development phase with extension activities supplied by the District
Extension Centers, credit application by farmers to the District Social Policy
Bank, and associated investments and implementation supported by extension and
monitoring. 6) The methodologies used for the activites are the follows: i)
field trips done with the methods of sociology, anthropology (field
observations, questionaire, focus inteviews, semi-structural interviews, group
discussions, records by pictures, texts analysis); ii) using the relevant
languages in working and meetings with EM villagers (mainly are Bahnar, Bru-Van
Kieu, Catu, Champ, H’re, Kor); iii)
using SWOT for assessments and information collection.
1.4.2. Collaboration with other FSDP components
Within the
context of Project Management, an important activity to take place within the
first quarter of 2008 is to streamline and strengthen coordination between the
various components of the project, for activities related to institutional
development, monitoring and evaluation, and reporting.
Consolidation of
draft coordination protocols will take place by the start of 2008 to create
synergy amongst the main field project components with potential for creating
policy initiatives for forest management, and in an effort to establish a
comprehensive M&E System for the project.
Initial coordination mechanisms have already been established during the
last quarter of 2007, through discussions amongst the various Technical Teams
members, and through the conduction of an Inception Workshop facilitated by the
CPCU.
A workshop to
consolidate coordination parameters between the various technical assistance
packages will take place in early 2008 to develop working coordination
modalities between the various Technical Assistance Teams to FSDP components,
particularly for activities related to project monitoring and evaluation, and
reporting.
Work with TA2,
CPCU, other project staff for selecting and improving plantation M&E indicators,
improve monitoring sheets for the plantation component and finalize the
internal monitoring system for the plantation component.
The smallholder
plantation forest component has adopted an approach to the monitoring of the
participation of ethnic minority people based on simple but reliable monitoring
of beneficiary numbers, and on the monitoring and evaluation of other issues,
including social impact, through case studies: i) Types of beneficiaries (farming households, other households, and organizations) and their plantation areas
will be accounted for separately. Name lists
recording participation throughout the duration of the project are used
for this purpose. The monitoring system will identify ethnic minority people
among beneficiaries in a systematic manner, mentioning the names of ethnics
groups; ii) Case studies will be carried out by independent consultants with a
background in social sciences at project mid-term and before project end. These
case studies serve the purpose of monitoring overall social impact and any
outstanding issue. Project communes with ethnic minority people will be a focus
point of these case studies; iii) The initial steps of project work in the
ethnic minority communities will require additional supervision and support.
At the end of Year 1, an evaluation workshop will take place at local level to
examine the outcome of the strategy in the first commune and decide on
improvements and dissemination to other communes. This workshop will be
organized jointly by the CPCU and PPMU where the Year 1 commune is located.
Participants in the workshop will include commune and district representatives,
the PPMU, the provincial CEMMA, the commune facilitator, and IDA.
1.4.3. Coordination with regional
stakeholders
In order to
streamline operation of FSDP Ethnic Minority and Social Development system, the
need to clarify functions of TA and CPCU and lower levels team through
Stakeholder consultations is proposed to be met: i) The primary responsibility for data collection is with the DIU, where
one person should be posted to be in charge of Ethnic Minority and Social
Development (EM-SD). This person will need the assistance of the CWG and the
extension workers to provide primary data. The District Ethnic Minority
Development person will work under the guidance of the PPMU EM-SD Specialist,
who will consolidate district reports into provincial level reports; ii) The
CPCU, and PPMUs, and DIUs will select one person at each level to be in charge
of land acquisition. These staff may come from a relevant government agency
seconded for this purpose. He/she will preferably be in charge of all social
and environmental safeguards under the FSDP; iii) EM-SD Specialist
assist CPCU in developing the monitroing and works as ‘monitors of the monitoring’.
From there – it provides inputs to reports and suggests management actions, on EM-SD and
on FSDP as such; iv) Independent
consultants will carry out case studies with a background in social sciences at
project mid-term and before project end. These case studies serve the purpose
of monitoring overall social impact and any outstanding issue. Project communes
with ethnic minority people will be a focus point of these case studies.
2. Specific
Outputs
This report
falls within the scope of the implementation of the FSDP Ethnic Minority
Development Strategy and EMDPs. The specific outputs achieved by the consultant
during the mission implementation are the follows (all attached as Appendices
to The Final Report in the Final Report CD ROM):
1. EMDP
Technical Proposal - Dec. 2007
2. Workshop
Presentations - Da Nang City EMDP Workshop - Jan. 2008
3. Workshop
Presentations - Buon Ma Thuot City EMDP Workshop Jun. 2008
4. Workshop
Presentations - Quang Nam EMDP Training Oct. 2008
5. Workshop
Presentations - Quang Ngai EMDP Training Oct. 2008
6. Workshop
Presentations - Binh Dinh EMDP Training, Nov. 2008
7. Workshop
Presentations - Thua Thien Hue EMDP Training Nov.2008
8. Workshop
Presentations - Da Nang City EMDP Workshop - Aug. 2009
9. Workshop
Presentations - Hue City EMDP Workshop - Dec. 2009
10. Workshop
Presentations - Landscape Planning Presentations Dec.09
11. Comments
on the PPMUs' Training Materials
12. One TORs
for DIU EM-SD person, July 2008
13. Two
Monthly Reports – 2007 (November and December)
14. Twelve
Monthly Reports – 2008
15. Twelve
Monthly Reports – 2009
16. One
Monthly Report – 2010 (January)
17. One
Quarterly Report – 2007 (Q.IV)
18. Four
Quarterly Reports – 2008
19. Four
Quarterly Reports – 2009
20. One
Quarterly Report – 2010 (Q.I)
21. A set of
Field Trips Notes
22. Field
Trips General Report (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010)
23. Nine
World Bank Mission Reports
24. Eight
Training Reports
25. Report on
assessment of EMDPs Implementation Results until 31st, October 2009
26. A set of
toolkits for EMDPs Implementation and Assessment.
27. Final
Mission Report.
2.1. Outputs achieved under collaboration with the International Ethnic Minority Specialist:
2.1.1.
Assessement of Ethnic Minority Development Plans
17
old EMDPs with all the activities produced by PPMUs, DIUs, and CWGs from Canh
Hiep, Canh Hoa, Canh Thuan communes (Van Canh district, Binh Dinh), Vinh An
commune (Tay Son districts, Binh Dinh); Ba Dinh, Ba To communes (Ba To
district, Quang Ngai) and Tra Bui, Tra Tan communes (Tra Bong district, Quang
Ngai); Tra Kot, Tra Nu and Tra Giang communes (Bac Tra My district, Quang Nam);
Xuan Loc commune (Phu Loc district, Thua Thien Hue), Thuong Lo, Thuong Long,
Thuong Quang communes (Nam Dong district, Thua Thien Hue), Hong Tien commune
(Huong Tra districts, Thua Thien Hue) were reviewed and assessed.
All
these 17 plans include 106 activities, among the proposed 105 activities, 17
are directly related to the support of project forestry objectives (16.19%), 9
concerns with general project promotion activities (8.57%) while 14 deal with
agro forestry support (13.33 %). Among
the remaining activities, 16 are a mix of different activities that address
agricultural and livestock production (15.24 %), 11 are related to household
economy training (10.48%), 10 support women income generation activities (9.52
%), 7 promote adult literacy (6.67%), 7 encourage livestock improvement (6.67
%), 5 deal with few selected types of vocational training (4.76%) and 5 bring
on training on sanitation practices (4.7 %).
Some
findings were drawn: i) Targeting is a key issue if the EMDP plans aim to be
effective. All plans are not clear enough on how many of the EM households who
participate in the EMDP activities have also applied to the FSDP loan; ii) If
the economic rationale of the chosen activities is to increase the ability of
the households to repay its interest - as it has been mentioned to us lots of
times - the activity should have a minimum of cost and benefit analysis; iii) It
is unclear the targeting criteria for some activities. For instance it is
unclear why in Can Hoa illiteracy training has been limited to 35 year-old
person. It should have been extended to cover adult illiterate population at
least till 55 year-old person; iv) All plans do not have any clear indication
on the relationships between land currently used for food production,
households food security concerns and land allocated to plantation; v) No clear
explanations are provided on the effect of past development programs in the EM
households and in the whole commune; v) No indication on the nature and quality
of the participatory process used for the elaboration of the EMDP and its maps
is provided. It seems that this issue has been somehow encompassed within the
whole participatory process envisaged by the PIM. The meetings mentioned appear
to be those indicated by the PIM 19 steps which tend to focus on the whole
commune plan.
The
recommendations were raised as the
follows: i) Mainstreamed trainings on Ethnic Minority Development Assistance should
be given to PPMUs’, DIUs’, and CWGs’ staffs
by the National Ethnic Minority and Social Impact Specialist and the PPMU’s
community specialist on field trips; ii) Trainings contents should be included
as the follows: participatory approach with PRA tools of village history;
villagers’ meeting organization for understanding of EM villagers’ concerns
while participating in the Project; rapid survey on EM villagers’ livelihood,
ect.,.
2.1.2.
Improvement of EMDP formulation
After the
2008 assessment of 17 EMDPs, the International Ethnic Minority Specialist
proposed a standard template for its future EMDP. The standard EMDP template
comprises: i) a standard introduction with the plan rationale and its legal
background; ii) a section on the participatory criterion adopted during the
EMDP formulation by CWG and DIUs; iii) an overview of the commune socio
economic data and ethnic minorities beneficiaries; iv) a section on the commune
agricultural and forestry data; v) a commune land use map; vi) an assessment of
the activities chosen in the EMDP and their SWOT analysis; vii) a summary of
the activities implementation responsibilities; viii) an overall activity
budget. Then training on the EMDP standard template was held by the
International Ethnic Minority Specialist and supported by the National Ethnic
Minority & Social Impact Specialist in Da Nang between the 12 and 13
February 2009.
2.1.3.
Proposal on EMDP Case Studies
Along with
the standard EMDP template the International Ethnic Minority Specialist raised
also a proposal on EMDP Case Studies and suggested that: i) In the second half
of 2009 the National Ethnic Minority Specialist in conjunction with the
relevant project PPMUs and DIUs conducts an assessment on the effectiveness of
the EMDP funded in the year 2007 and implemented in the year 2008; ii) In the
second half of 2010 a similar assessment should be done for those EMDPs
formulated in 2009 and implemented in 2009 – 2010; iii) The outcome of the
assessment shall be supervised by the Senior Ethnic Minority Specialist during
his yearly missions.
2.1.4.
Concept Note on EMDP Budget
According to
the International Ethnic Minority Specialist, the reason for the proposal of
Concept Note on EMDP Budget is that the Ethnic Minority Development Strategy
(EMDS) foresaw a budget of 600 USD per activity, meanwhile the ceiling of 600
USD was originally established in by the EMDS in 2004.
In 2007 the
requested total budget by 17 communes amounted to 6,301,493,570 VND equal to
381,908 USD (exchange rate 1 USD = 16,500), with the average activity budget
being 3,638 USD. And the FSDP total budget allocation for EMDP development
activities is approximately 750,000 USD (650,000 + 15% contingencies) the
budget spent so far in 17 communes amounts to 50.92 % of the total planned
budget including contingencies.
In the light
of the number of beneficiaries and inflation rate from 2004 to 2009 it is
suggested to adapt the budget ceiling of each activity to 3,000 USD and allow a
maximum number of 7 activities for each commune formulating a new EMDP.
2.1.5.
Setting EMDP indicators for M&E System
The suggested
indicators include the following: i) number of communes in which the EMDP has
been implemented in any given year throughout the project life; ii) percentage
of EMDP planned activities completed at the end of the year; iii) percentage of
EMDP budget spent at the end of the year; iv) number of ethnic minorities
beneficiaries that participated in the EMDP implemented activities and their %
over all participants; v) number of women ethnic minorities beneficiaries that
participated in the EMDP implemented activities and their % over all
participants; vi) percentage of EM that participated into the EMDP activities
and that own a red book; vii) percentage of EM that participated into the EMDP
activities and that received a VBSP loan for plantation purposes.
2.2. Outputs achieved in liaison with the provincial participation consultants
-
The National Ethnic Minority Specialist has been in closely collaboration with
the provincial participation consultants in the ensuring that they were aware
of the provisions of the Ethnic Minority Development Strategy and the
Resettlement Policy Framework, and that they acted according to those
provisions when relevant. And the specific outputs achieved from the liaison
with them as the follows:
-
Almost every field trips of the National Ethnic Minority Specialist to the EMDP
communes in the four FSDP provinces were conducted with the presence of
provincial participation consultants: Mr. Thoan, from Binh Dinh; Mr. Manh from
Quang Ngai; Mr. Quy from Quang Nam, and Mr. Thanh from Thua Thien Hue. (See in
detailed in the Appendices, 5.1. All Field Trips conducted).
-
The provincial participation consultants participated in all the training
courses and training workshops concerning to the ethnic minority development
with their specific contributions such as: the cordinator and guide for the
training workshop (Mr. Thoan, Mr. Manh, Mr. Quy, and Mr. Thanh); the trainer
(Mr. Thoan, provincial participation consultant of Binh Dinh); the compiler of
presentations and training materials (Mr. Thoan, provincial participation
consultant of Binh Dinh was the man who compiled the PRA tools of Community
Meeting, Village Mapping, Problems Ranking, Livelihood Analysis, Problem Tree,
Service Matrix).
-
The National Ethnic Minority Specialist has been in closely collaboration with
the provincial participation consultants in support and facilitation of PPMUs,
DIUs, and CWGs, and ethnic minority villagers in their implementation of the
EMDPs by way of raising of the relevant comments, recommendations and solutions
concerning to the ethnic minority issues and EMDP issues in the National Ethnic
Minority Specialist’s Field Trips Notes, Monthly and Quarterly Reports. (See in
detailed in the Appendices, 5.1. Field Trips, Monthly and Quarterly
Reports).
-
6 new EMDPs of Quang Ngai (Tra Giang, Tra Lam, Tra Son communes, Tra Bong
district; Ba To Town, Ba Thanh, Ba Vinh communes, Ba To district), and 3 new
EMDPs of Quang Nam (Phuoc Gia, Phuoc Tra, and Song Tra communes, Hiep Duc
district) were written and initially implemented by the relevant CWGs, DIUs,
and PPMUs under the assistant collaboration of National Ethnic Minority
Specialist and the provincial participation consultants (Mr. Manh from Quang
Ngai, and Mr. Quy from Quang Nam).
-
All 9 new EMDPs of Quang Nam (Phuoc Gia, Phuoc Tra, Song Tra) and of Quang Ngai
(Ba Thanh, Ba To Town, Ba Vinh (Ba To district); Tra Giang, Tra Lam, Tra Son
(Tra Bong district) have been prepared
pursuant to the new template trained and provided with by Mr. Giambelli,
International Ethnic Minority Specialist; and all the activities were selected
by the ethnic minority villagers through the community meetings. (See in
detailed in the Appendices, 5.1. Field Trips Notes, Monthly May, 2009 Report,
Quarterly II, 2009 Report).
2.3. Outputs achieved under collaboration with the TAs, CPCU, PPMUs, DIUs, CWGs and villagers:
2.3.1.
Identifying, reviewing, and making improvements of the use training materials
Table
2. Reviewing of the use training materials
Province
|
Training
Materials reviewed by
the Ethnic
Minority Specialist
|
Comments
|
1.Technical Document for guiding of the Machine GPS
map76CSx;
|
i) The training documents prepared
by the three PPMUs were mainstreamed with limited social aspects in cases of PRA tools and guidances on
information and communication; but,
ii) Little EM socio-economic,
environmental and cultural characterestics were provided with in any training
documents;
iii) poor problems EM inhabitants
face with in land allocation, in food security, in shortage of labour force,
in lack in technique skills of forestry plantation were given in any training
documents;
iv) shortage of EM concerns
practically were included in training documents;
v) no indications for EM social
impacts were set up in any training documents;
vi) lack of measures for approach
and analysis to relevant EM inhabitants’ social structure and life to obtain
improved assistances to the EM villagers.
|
|
2.Workshop presentation on the results of forestation planning
in the commune level 2007 – 2010;
|
||
3.Tables of training results;
|
||
4.Tables of training workshop
records;
|
||
5.Guidances for villages’ meeting;
|
||
6.Records on the villages’ meetings;
|
||
7.Guidance on land allocation
procedures;
|
||
8.Guidance on forestry land
allocation for households,
individuals, and communities in
rural mountainous
areas;
|
||
9.Guidance on the Land Laws;
|
||
10.Guidance on the project information and
communication;
|
||
11.Guidances for villages’ meetings;
|
||
12.Records on villages’ meetings;
|
||
13.Guidance on Forestry Farmers
Groups;
|
||
14.Guidance on Forest Certificate;
|
||
15.PRA tools for communicating with
villagers;
|
||
16.Guidance on Forestry Extension;
|
||
17.Guidance on Forestation
Techniques of Acacia
Magium and (Acacia Mangium x Acacia
Auriculiformis);
|
||
18.Guidance on fruit tree techniques
of Citrus Grandis; Citrus Sinensis; Citrus Limon; and Lausium domesticum
Hern.
|
||
19. Workshop presentation on the
results of forestation planning in the province (2006);
|
||
20. Training on nursery techniques;
|
||
21.Training on using PRA tools in
the Project
communication and facilitation
skills;
|
||
22.
Guidance on Forest Certificate;
|
||
23. Guidance on project comunication
and
communicating tools with villagers
|
In collaboration
with the TAs, and PPMUs’ Community Specialists (Mr. Thoan, Binh Dinh), Mr. Quy,
Quang Nam), Mr. Manh, Quang Ngai), and Mr. Thanh, Thua Thien Hue), the Ethnic
Minority Specialist has identified, reviewed all the materials used for
training courses in the four FSDP provinces as shown in Table 2. The
improvements of the use training materials have been made as the follows: i) in
collaboration with the Community Specialist of Binh Dinh (Mr. Thoan), the
Ethnic Minority and Social Impacts Specialist has provided the PPMUs’, DIUs’,
and CWGs with different additional materials concerning to participatory
approaches and ethnic minority issues, including EM traditional customs of land
ownership, landuse and traditional shifting cultivation among community;
different EM concerns villagers pay attention to land allocation, food
security, shortage of labour force, lack in technique skills of forestry
plantation, gender inequality were given in all training courses and training
workshops; participation of EM villagers was mainstreamed in training courses
in commune and village levels (See in detailed in the Training Course Reports
and the Appendices, 5.2. Traing Workshops and Training Courses conducted).
2.3.2.
Conduct field trips to PPMUs, DIUs, CWGs and villagers
The
fieldwork and the plans revision have highlighted some further necessary items
as the following: i) there is a need for the FSDP to improve its participatory
approach and formulate a project wide participatory strategy that coordinates
under a single vision all project participatory issues and specialists; ii) the FSDP needs to improve EM plan targeting,
activity definition and activity rationale; iii) the FSDP needs to support
stakeholders in improving their understanding of basic business principles as
well as their grasp of basic forestry principles; iv) and the FSDP should
provide avenues to resolve land allocation disputes and address delays in
stakeholders land allocation. [See in detail: Ethnic Minority and Social Impact
Specialists Mission Report, April 2008: Assessement
of Ethnic Minority Development Plans formulated by FSDP PPMUS, DIUs, and CWGs
in Thua Thien Hue, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai and Binh Dinh. Volume I: Main
Findings and Recommendations. April, 2008].
Since
2007 to 2010, the National Ethnic Minority Specialist have conducted 52 field
trips, among those 7 field trips to Thua Thien Hue; 19 field trips to Quang
Nam; 9 field trips to Quang Ngai; 8 field trips to Binh Dinh; and 9 field trips
to other provinces (such as Da Nang, Dak Lak, Lang Son, Bac Giang, Quang Ninh,
Lam Dong) for support of the PPMUs,
DIUs, and CWGs with EMDPs to implementation of the FSDP Ethnic Minority
Development Strategy and the EMDPs. (See in detailed in the Appendices, 5.1.
All Field Trips conducted).
The
objectives of the field trips are: i) meeting and consultations with PPMUs’,
DIUs’, CWGs’ staffs and EMDP villagers about the challenges they face and the
results they obtain from the implementation of the EMDPs; ii) assessement of
the EMDPs implementation in the EMDPs villages and communes; iii) provide the
PPMUs’, DIUs’, CWGs’ staffs and EMDP villagers with relevant training courses
on how to implement the EMDPs in compliance with participatory approaches,
improved EMDP formulation; iv) support stakeholders in upgrading their
awareness on ethnic minority development issues. (See in detailed in the
Appendices, 5.1. All Field Trips conducted).
2.3.3.
Conduct training courses and workshops on ethnic minority development.
Between
2007 and 2010, fourteen (14) training courses and training workshops on ethnic
minority development and social issues were held by CPCU and PPMUs. All the
training materials and presentations for these training courses and training workshops
were prepared and provided by the National Ethnic Minority Specialist in
closely collaboration with Mr. F. Potess (Chief Technical Assistance/Team
Leader), Mr. R. Giambelli (International Ethnic Minority Specialist), Mr. Vo
Van Thoan (Community Specialist of Binh Dinh), Mr. Vu Van Manh (Community
Specialist of Quang Ngai), Mr. Phan Van Quy (Community Specialist of Quang
Nam), and Mr. Pham Thanh (Community Specialist of Thua Thien Hue), Mr. Do Xuan
Lan (National M&E Specialist), Mr. C. Taylor (International Land Management
Specialist), Mr. Damasio (TA2 Team Leader) and Mr. Le Toan (GIS specialist,
TA2). All these outputs that were produced by the National Ethnic Minority
Specialist were provided the participants with as the follows:
FSDP Workshop (Da
Nang January, 2008); ii) Training Workshop for Assessement of 17 old EMDPs
(Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, June, 2008); iii) Training Course for Support to
Ethnic Minority Development in Quang Ngai (October, 14th-16th,
2008); iv) Training Course for Support to Ethnic Minority Development in Quang
Nam (October, 29th-31st, 2008); vi) Training Course for
Support to Ethnic Minority Development in Binh Dinh (November, 10th-12th,
2008); vii) Training Course for Support to Ethnic Minority Development in Thua
Thien Hue (November, 26th-28th, 2008); viii) Training
Course for Monitoring &Evaluation of EMDPs Implementation (Da Nang August,
11th- 15th, 2009); ix) Workshop for Assessment of EMDPs
Implementation until October, 30th, 2009 (Hue City, December, 21st
-24th, 2009). (See in detailed in the Training Course Reports and
the Appendices, 5.2. Traing Workshops and Training Courses conducted).
The
outputs and results of the field trips are as the follows: Among 14 training
courses and training workshops held, there were 4 training workshops on
assessment of EMDPs implementation and guideline for new EMDPs in each project
province; 2 training workshops on common assessment of EMDPs implementation for
all together 4 project provinces; 2 training workshops on selection of the
indicators for EMDPs’ case studies in 2010. Total beneficiaries from the
training course and training workshops are 703 participants, of those are 213
women (30.29%), and 469 ethnic minorities (66.71%). (See in detailed in the
Training Course Reports and the Appendices, 5.2. Traing Workshops and Training
Courses conducted).
2.3.4.
Under the guidance of and collaboration with the CTA/TL, the National Ethnic
Minority Specialist supported in identifying facilitators among NGOs and
training institutions already active in the districts of the EMDP communes for
implementing of the EMDPs. For this aim,
Terms of Reference for Ethnic Minority Development DIU Staff (EMDDS) were set
up with the following objective: i) To assist relevant PPMUs, and CWGs in the
preparation (as needed) and implementation of EMDPs and Development Activities
in the corresponding communes; ii) To liaise and collaborate with the Ethnic
Minority/ Social Development specialist and relevant provincial agencies to
strengthen and deliver FSDP’s participatory objectives and gender equality
measures, with emphasis on activities in ethnic minority villages; iii) To
assist in monitoring social impacts on ethnic minority households, gender
issues, and of any acquisition of land or assets that may occur, during project
implementation; iv) The help and monitor the compliance, implementation of FSDP
gender guidelines, to be provided in a separate document. (For the full Draft
TORs, see in detailed in the Appendice, 5.3. Terms of Reference for Ethnic Minority
Development DIU Staff).
2.3.5.
The National Ethnic Minority Specialist identified, produced and provided
different training materials in Vietnamese appropriate to the needs and
communication skills of ethnic people and relevant social issues in the four
project provinces through the workshops and training workshops. The materials
are listed as the following: i) The participatory approach to a commune
development planning and a village development planning (Training workshop for
Assessement of 17 old EMDPs, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, June, 2008); ii) Project
Communication Approaches to the Ethnic Minorities (Training workshop for
Assessement of 17 old EMDPs, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, June, 2008); iii) How to
an ethnic minority community meeting for selection of EMDP activities?
(Training workshop for Assessement of 17 old EMDPs, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak,
June, 2008); iv) Stakeholders Analysis in planning an EMDP (Training workshop
for Assessement of 17 old EMDPs, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, June, 2008); v) Pilot Analysis
of the Ba To Commune EMDP (Training Course for Support to Ethnic Minority
Development in Quang Ngai, October, 14th-16th, 2008); vi)
SWOT Analysis for designing of an EMDP (Training Course for Support to Ethnic
Minority Development in Quang Ngai, October, 14th-16th,
2008); vii) Cost – Benefit Analysis for designing of an EMDP (Training Course
for Support to Ethnic Minority Development in Quang Nam, October, 29th-31st,
2008); viii) Pilot Analysis of the Tra Giang Commune EMDP (Training Course for
Support to Ethnic Minority Development in Quang Nam, October, 29th-31st,
2008); ix) Pilot Analysis of the Vinh An Commune EMDP (Training Course for
Support to Ethnic Minority Development in Binh Dinh, (November, 10th-12th,
2008); x) Pilot Analysis of the Thuong Quang Commune EMDP (Training Course for
Support to Ethnic Minority Development in Thua Thien Hue, November, 26th-28th,
2008); xi) Selection of indicators for assessment of EMDPs Implementation
(Training Workshop for Monitoring &Evaluation of EMDPs Implementation (Da
Nang August, 11th- 15th, 2009); xii) Participation
approach to Landscape Planning from Three communes of Tien Hiep – Tien My –
Tien Phong, Tien Phuoc District, Quang Nam Province. (Training Workshop for
Communal Level Landscape Planning, Tam Ky City, 8th-9th, December, 2009); xiii)
Instruction for using local knowledge in Landscape Planning from Three communes
of Tien Hiep – Tien My – Tien Phong, Tien Phuoc District, Quang Nam Province.
(Training Workshop for Communal Level Landscape Planning, Tam Ky City, 8th-9th,
December, 2009); xiv) Assessment of EMDPs Implementation Results of the four
project provinces until October, 31st, 2009. (Workshop for
Assessment of EMDPs Implementation until October, 30th, 2009, Hue
City, December, 21st -24th, 2009); xv) Toolkits and
guidelines for Assessment of EMDPs Implementation, among those two toolkits
were prepared and trained under collaboration with Mr. Vo Van Thoan, Community
Specialist of Binh Dinh (1. Basic PRAs, and 2. SWOT Analyses). (Workshop for
Assessment of EMDPs Implementation until October, 30th, 2009, Hue
City, December, 21st -24th, 2009).
And the outcome gained is that 703 turns of
trainees was provided with the skills, knowledge, and materials appropriate to
the needs and communication skills of ethnic people and relevant social issues
in the four project provinces through the workshops and training workshops.
(See in detailed in the Training Course Reports and the Appendices, 5.2. Traing
Workshops and Training Courses conducted).
2.3.6.
Under collaboration with the PPMUs, DIUs, CWGs and villagers, the National
Ethnic Minority Specialist conducted a series of field trips for assessing on
an ongoing basis the extent to which acquisition of land and assets was
required and ensured that any land or asset acquisition was undertaken in
compliance with the provisions of the resettlement policy framework. Within the
field trips to Ba To District, Quang Ngai province between the February 17th
– 22sd, 2008, it was found that there existed land disputes
concerning to 3.5 hectare of land between some households of Ba Dinh and Ba To
communes; the disputes found between communes of Ba To – Ba Tieu, Ba To – Ba
Dinh, and Ba To – Ba Nam; land dispute of over 100 hectare between the Lang Ma
villagers with Song Re Forestry Company that makes the progress of land
allocation for plantation more delayed. All these disputes of land were
concerned to the traditional way of fallow plots of the H’re inhabitants in
this commune.
At
the time, the Lang Ma villagers were hesitated in participation in the project
of forestry plantation as long as the land dispute with Song Re Forestry
Company is not yet to be resolved the same situation was found in Tra Bui
(three hamlets of Thon Nien, Thon Go, and Thon Tay) and Tra Tan commune (two
hamlets of Truong Bien and Tra Ngon) that made the progress of land allocation
for plantation more delayed; the villagers of Tra Bui commune had to go overfar
for their forestry plantation (between 10 and 20km) in their old villages. In
the same field trips to Tra Bong District, Quang Ngai province between the
February 17th – 22sd, 2008, it was also found that due to
the lacking of investments of the EM inhabitants, in 2006 the Kinh dealers from
Quang Ngai city and the other localities came and invested in the EM
inhabitants’ forest plantation plots to share the benefit with the EM in the
percentage of 70% belonging to the invester, the 30% left belonging to the EM
inhabitants. There exists a problem on land allocation and red books issuing
for the EM villagers that concerns to the area of about 50 hectare classified
as the 1C forest (bare land), in fact this area is still productive to grow
reforestation, and the villagers are waiting for reclassification of this area.
In
the field trips to ethnic minority communes of Vinh An, Canh Hoa, Canh Thuan,
Canh Hiep (Van Canh district, Binh Dinh) on the 26th – 30th May,
2008, there were still land disputes found between village and village, between
the local authority and Cham Hroi ethnic groups in Canh Hoa, Canh Hiep, Canh
Thuan communes concerning the so-called “Cà Thâng” (ancestors’ land). Those
disputes remarkably prevented the progress of land allocation and project
implementation among the villages.
It was
recognized that after land ownership findings found, and some recommendations
being raised by the National Ethnic Minority Specialist and Provincial
Participation Specialists (Mr. Thoan from Binh Dinh PPMU, and Mr. Manh from
Quang Ngai PPMU), the PPMUs of Binh Dinh and Quang Ngai made different efforts
to solve the disputes concerning to the ethnic minority traditional ownership
of land. Until the end of 2009, all the
problems concerning to traditional ownership of land were basically solved, and
the issue of land ownership no more prevented the progress of the FSDP
implementation.
2.3.7.
The National Ethnic Minority Specialist also worked for assisting in the
preparation of a report regarding lessons learned in ethnic minority
communities, and the relevance and potential of plantation forestry for
reduction of poverty in these communities. Relevant good lessons concerning to
ethnic minority communities’ poverty reduction learnt from different localities
were provided the EMDP villagers in the four project provinces. Among the best
examples were the lessons learnt from the field trips to ethnic minority
villages for plantation models and agro-frorestry volunteer co-operatives in
Lang Son, Bac Giang, and Quang Ninh between 15th –18th
Sept./2008. Plantation model of indigenous trees
developed by the ethnic group of Cao Lan in Queo village, Phu Nhuan commune,
Luc Ngan District, Bac Giang province was good example for those who belong to
ethnic groups from the four FSDP provinces to follow for growing alternatively
the indigenous trees in thei localities. The pattern of forest self-management
organized by the ethnic villagers (the Hoa, Tay, and Nung) from Van Phu
village, Tan Hoa commune was an effective one to that ethnic villagers of the
four FSDP provinces could refer as the good experiences for their forest
management.
Ethnic groups from the four FSDP provinces could also
learn how to establish and successfully run a volunteer agro-forestry
co-operative from the initial precious experiences given by the Binh Minh
Co-operative set up by the ethnic groups of Hoa, Tay, Cao Lan, and Nung in Dong Coc commune, Luc Ngan district, Bac
Giang province. The audacious ideas on community-based eco-tourist development
raised by the Dao people from Cai Mat village, Tien Lang district, Quang Ninh
province due to their rich reforestation products were able to provide ethnic
villagers from the four FSDP Provinces with new ideas for their livelihood
improvement basing on their plantations in the coming future. For this
objectives, different study tours to some
models and patterns like the above for ethnic villagers from the four FSDP provinces were conducted by the CPCU, PPMUs, and the ethnic groups could
greatly learn each others in their livelihood improvement.
3. Assessment and Evaluation
3.1. Assessment and Evaluation of EMDPs’ Implementation Outcomes and Impacts:
Since the 18th to 31st, October,
2009, the National Ethnic Minority Specialist had supported to Binh Dinh, Quang Ngai, Quang Nam, and Thua Thien Hue in
assessment of all EMDPs’ activities and their impacts on the ethnic minorities’
implementation of the FSDP in particular and their life in general.
A
set of 18 core indicators for assessment
of of all EMDPs’ activities was built, provided and trained the PPMUs, EMDP
DIUs and EMDP CWGs includes: 1) General
performance Indicator; 2) Level of EMDP implementation; 3)
Disbursement Level; 4) How the budget has met to the
implementation of planned activities; 5)
Number of beneficiaries; 6) Number of EM people involved
in the project accesible to the loans; 7) Gender indicators; 8) The poor people
indicators; 9) Indicators regarding to children labor; 10) Indicator on risk of
conflict; 11) Indicator of participation; 12) Indicator of activities results;
13) Indicator on safegards and sustainability; 17) Lessons Learnt; 18) Five
among all the most successful EMDP activities of the FSDP. This set of
indicators will be mainly used for assessment of the EMDP case studies. (See
in detailed in the Appendices, 5.5. Set of indicators
for assessment of EMDPs in the case studies).
Most
of the set of indicators were applied for the assessments and evaluation of the
implementation of EMDPs in the four project provinces, and the outcomes were
obtained as the follows:
i)
During the implementation of EMDPs, all the PPMUs, DIUs and CWGs complied
strictly proposed EMDPs;
ii)
All
activities of EMDPs have been not implemented. Some activities were necessary
for being reviewed due to they might be not suitable to be continued, for
example the activity No. 6 of illiteracy training that was proposed for the
EMDP of Canh Hoa commune (Van Canh, Binh Dinh). It was found that this activity
requires a long time to be done, and it belongs to the area of District
Department of Education and Training. Falling into the same situation is the
activity No. 2 of eliminate illiteracy for women proposed for the EMDP of Vinh
An commune (Tay Son, Binh Dinh), and the activity No.7 of literacy classes for
the EMDP of Tra Kot commune (Bac Tra My district, Quang Nam). It was explained
that the activity was canceled due to that the Provincial Department of
Education and Training has the literacy popularization program conducted;
iii)
Several activities among the ones that were planned have not been implemented
in time. The most cases of delay fall in the Binh Dinh EMDPs. Until 31st,
October, 2009, only 8 per total 23 activities (occupied 34.78%) for all four
EMDPs of Binh Dinh were implemented. The reason set out by the PPMU for
explaining is that the DIU’s delay in
arrangement of the training due to being so busy in different kinds of
more urgent jobs;
iv)
The being-met level of budget: While being asked for explaining of the delay in
implementation of EMDPs’ activities in Van Canh, the DIU staff of Van Canh gave
reason for that the fund for EMDPs Implementation is provided with delay and in
shortage and by turns of each commune after disbursement so that cause the
difficulties for implementation and catching the time up to implement
seasonally the EMDPs’ activities. It
was also supposed by the DIU staffs of Van Canh District that the
provincial-approved level of 30,000VND/person/day for study tour accommodations
in the present situation of inflation is in no way to be implemented, meanwhile
the daily wage in average in the district is 50,000 VND. (See detailed
in the May 2008, Monthly Report and the Quarterly I, 2008 Report written by the
EM-SIS);
v)
Number of beneficiaries:
Table 3:
Total beneficiaries from the four FSDP provinces
Provinces
|
Total
|
Kinh people
|
Ethnic Minority
People
|
Total
|
||||||||
Male
|
Female
|
Heads and
Elders
|
Villagers
|
|||||||||
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
|
Binh Dinh
|
794
|
66.49
|
400
|
33.50
|
81
|
6.78
|
14
|
1.17
|
1099
|
92.04
|
1194
|
21.44
|
Quang Nam
|
261
|
55.17
|
212
|
44.82
|
108
|
22.83
|
106
|
22.41
|
259
|
54.75
|
473
|
8.49
|
Quang Ngai
|
1130
|
50.22
|
1120
|
49.77
|
402
|
17.86
|
202
|
8.97
|
1606
|
71.37
|
2250
|
40.40
|
Th.Thien Hue
|
519
|
31.41
|
1133
|
68.58
|
0
|
0
|
79
|
4.78
|
1573
|
95.21
|
1652
|
29.66
|
2704
|
48.55
|
2865
|
51.44
|
591
|
10.61
|
401
|
7.20
|
4537
|
81.46
|
5569
|
100
|
|
5569 (100%)
|
||||||||||||
Total number of people who benefit from the EMDP activities is 5569 persons,
among those is 4978 ethnic minority people (occupied 89.38%) of 1175
households. The beneficiaries who come from the Kinh people were 591 (occupied
10.61%). These figures show that EMDP
activities give benefits mainly to ethnic minority people (Table 3).
vi) Gender
indicators: The figures of 2865 female beneficiaries (51.44%) from Table 3 also
show the higher percentage of women compared to men. The most important
problem, however, is the way the EMDP activities gave priorities to the women
who participate in the project. Among total 93 activities initially planned for
17 EMDPs from four FSDP provinces, 29 activities (31.18%) were set up for women
only, and 64 activities left (68.81%) were not only for men, but for both men
and women. The figures prove that the capacity of benefiting women from the
EMDP activities is much higher compared to men (Table 4).
Table 4: EMDP activities planned for women
only
Provinces
|
EMDP
activities planned
|
Total
|
||||
For women only
|
For both
|
|||||
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
|
Binh Dinh
|
9
|
39.13
|
14
|
60.86
|
23
|
100
|
Quang Nam
|
7
|
29.16
|
17
|
70.83
|
24
|
100
|
Quang Ngai
|
8
|
40.00
|
12
|
60.00
|
20
|
100
|
Th.Thien Hue
|
7
|
26.92
|
19
|
73.07
|
26
|
100
|
29
|
31.18
|
64
|
68.81
|
93
|
100
|
|
93
100%)
|
||||||
vii) EMDP and EMD
activities assisted in upgrading of villagers’ awareness to solve some
dangerous risks regarding land use, and
different potential conflicts that were found between
ethnic minority communities themselves and between ethnic minorities with
forest enterprises, forest companies in Ba Dinh, Ba To communes (Ba To district,
Quang Ngai); in Tra Bui and Tra Tan communes (Tra Bong district, Quang Ngai);
in Vinh An commune (Tay Son district, Binh Dinh). EMDP and EMD
activities also support ethnic minority villagers in
preventing the serious situation of the
Kinh dealers from Quang Ngai city, who invested in the EM inhabitants’ forest
plantation plots, and asked for unfairly sharing benefits with the EM in the
percentage of 70% belonging to the invester, the 30% left belonging to the EM
inhabitants, ect.,...
viii) Indicator of
ethnic minority participation: In the October 2009 field trips, the National Ethnic Minority Specialist conducted participation
assessments of the EMDP activities
implementation on how the beneficiaries evaluate the outcomes of implemented EMDP
activities in four provinces. Participation approach of the paired
comparison and ranking of EMDP
activities impacts in four scales of low, average, high and very high was applied. The outcomes are the follows:
among 8 implemented EMDP activities of Binh Dinh, no scale of low and average
was ranked, 4 were ranked in the high scale, and 4 were ranked in very high
scale. The outcomes of Quang Ngai, Quang Nam, and Thua Thien Hue are shown
clearly in Table 5, and most 36 EMDP activities (occupied 52.94%) were in high
scale; the second one was fallen in very high scale; the third one was in
average scale (Table 5).
Table 5. Beneficiaries evaluate the implementation of
EMD activities
Provinces
|
Low
|
Average
|
High
|
Very High
|
Total
|
|||||
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
|
Binh Dinh
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
50.00
|
4
|
50.00
|
8
|
100
|
Quang Ngai
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
17.39
|
11
|
47.82
|
8
|
34.78
|
23
|
100
|
Quang Nam
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
30.76
|
9
|
69.23
|
13
|
100
|
Thua Thien Hue
|
0
|
0
|
6
|
25.00
|
17
|
70.83
|
1
|
4.16
|
24
|
100
|
Total
|
0
|
0
|
10
|
14.70
|
36
|
52.94
|
22
|
3.35
|
68
|
100
|
68 (100%)
|
||||||||||
ix)
Indicator on impact of the EMDP activities on the FSDP project: The question
raised for the villagers was if the EMDP activities created positive impacts on
the FSDP project. The results of ranking of the impacts obtained from the
villagers are as the following: in Binh Dinh, the ranking of low impact is 0%;
average impact is 12.50%; high impact is 50%; and very high is 37.50%. The
results from other provinces are shown in Table 5, and the total impacts are as
the follows: the low impact is 0%; average impact is 11.76%; high impact is
57.35%; and very high is 30.88%. (Table 5).
Table 5. Beneficiaries evaluate the sustainability of
EMDP activities
Provinces
|
Low
|
Average
|
High
|
Very High
|
Total
|
|||||
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
No.
|
%
|
|
Binh Dinh
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
12.50
|
4
|
50.00
|
3
|
37.50
|
8
|
100
|
Quang Ngai
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
8.69
|
15
|
65.21
|
6
|
26.08
|
23
|
100
|
Quang Nam
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
23.07
|
3
|
23.07
|
7
|
53.84
|
13
|
100
|
Thua Thien Hue
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
8.33
|
17
|
70.83
|
5
|
20.83
|
24
|
100
|
Total
|
0
|
0
|
8
|
11.76
|
39
|
57.35
|
21
|
30.88
|
68
|
100
|
68 (100%)
|
||||||||||
It was found from the assessments of four provinces that the
implementation of the EMDPs’ activities have exercised the positive impacts on
enhancing technologial capacity of farming for the villagers and support in
their livelihood improvement (assessed by villagers); on upgrading of community management, planning capacity in village and commune levels for the villagers and commune staffs
(assessed by PPMU); on increasing of women’s management capacity in how to
develop households’ economy; on enhancing gender equality and women’s voice in
the family and community; on creating opportunities for women in their
increasing extra income; providing women with further jobs; enhancing gender
equality in the family and community; on strengthening capacvity of forest
extension and SALT technique for the trainees in creating imcome and
sustainable reforestation.
3.2. Lessons learnt from the implementation of the EMDPs’ activities
3.2.1. Lessons
learnt from selection of unsuitable activities: some EMDP selected and planned
for 17 old EMDPs prove that the procedure of selection was not very well
examined. Of the selected activities, several are unsuitable ones due to that
they belong to professional areas of governmental department, for example the
activity of illiteracy elimination. Being fallen in this situation were the
activity 6 of Canh Hoa EMDP (Van Canh, Binh Dinh), activity 2 of Vinh An
commune EMDP (Tay Son, Binh Dinh), activity 7 of Tra Kot commune EMDP (Bac Tra
My, Quang Nam), and activity 7 of Tra Nu commune EMDP (Bac Tra My, Quang Nam). All these activities then were canceled due
to the literacy popularization program of the Provincial Department of
Education and Training is responsible for conducting this mission.
3.2.2. Lessons
learnt from selection of ineffective, or not-high effective activities: During implementation, some
selected activities proved that they were of ineffective, or not-high effective
activities, the typical were activities regarding services for market such as restoring of traditional brocade weaving
(Canh Hiep, Van Canh, Binh Ding), making palm-leaf hat for women (Thuong
Long and Thuong Quang communes, Nam Dong District), even the activity of making cinamommun incenses (Tra Tan and Tra Bui communes,
Tra Bong district, Quang Ngai), that were ranked in very high scale of
evaluation by the villagers. For this case, ethnic minority villagers encountered the
problem of nowhere they could reach to distribute their products. Before
participation in the activity, villagers were provided with a verbal promise
from the Tra Xuan town Women Union of help for marketing their incenses. But
after producing incenses, no body from the Union could help as promised.
3.2.3. Lessons
learnt from the role of PPMU and DIUs for the delay in implementation of EMDP
activities: in field trip note by field trip note of Binh Dinh, the National
Ethnic Minority Specialist gave notice of delay in implementation of EMDP
activities, and even until the end of the mission, the situation was not much
improved. Different kinds of reasons were raised for explaining of the delay,
such as the fund for EMDPs Implementation is provided with delay and in
shortage and by turns of each commune after disbursement so that cause the
difficulties for implementation and catching the time up to implement
seasonally EMDP activities; or the
provincial-approved level of 30,000VND per person per day for study tour
accommodations in the present situation of inflation is in no way to be
implemented (See detailed in the May 2008, Monthly Report and the
Quarterly I, 2008 Report). In our opinion, the most important reason is the
role of PPMU and DIU in pushing the implementation of EMDP activities up.
Regarding this, the very sucessful
lesson could be learnt from the PPMU and DIUs of Ba To and Tra Bong of Quang
Ngai, whose EMDP activities were in time implemented in a percentage of 100% in
the same conditions compared to Binh Dinh.
3.2.4. Lessons
learnt from the role of PPMU EMDP staff and DIU staff in charge of EMDP
implementation: one among the important reasons that should be raised for explaining
of the delay in implementation of EMDP activities is the role of PPMU EMDP
staff and DIU staff. For the case of Quang Ngai, PPMU were very keen in taking
advantage of PPMU EMDP staff, DIU staff, and especially the Participation
Specialist for support to implementation of
EMDP activities. It seemed not to be like that for the Binh Dinh PPMU,
whose PPMU EMDP staff were three times changed within three years, and the DIU
staff in charge of EMDP, to whom no body pushed in paying attention to EMDP activities implementation
was so busy in different works.
3.2.5. Lessons learnt from the institutional strengthenning of
ethnic minority development support by way of recruitment of DIU Ethnic
Minority Development Person. The Terms of Reference for Ethnic Minority
Development DIU Staff done by the TA1 consultants under the guidance and
reviewing by the CTA/TL, Mr. Potess was clearly aware of this requirement and
asked for recruiting staff to be placed on duty in the
corresponding eight Districts comprising these 28 communes (Thua Thien Hue 3
Districts, 6 old communes; Quang Nam 2 Districts, 3 new and 3 old communes
Quang Ngai 2 Districts, 4 old and 6 new communes. (Appendice 4.3. Terms of Reference for Ethnic Minority Development DIU Staff). It
is regret that until the end of the National Ethnic Minority Specialist’s
mission, the requirement of recruiting EMDP DIU staff has not yet being met.
3.2.6. Lessons learnt from the way of participation of ethnic
minoroty people: for ethnic minorities, participation is to be done by specific
arrangements and activities. One among some very important lessons on
participation the project could learn from the case of Kor people at Truong
Xuan village, Tra Tan commune. At the beginning of implementation, only several
villagers consented to participate in the EMDP activities. The only reason
villagers gave to quit participation was the village head was expanding his
family’s service economy by way of making a system of three fishponds, and he
would also get all the benefits from EMDP activities. The village head was very
keen with the attitude that roots in depth of community egalitarianism and he
mobilized everyone that wanted to have benefits from service economy to share
fishpond investment with him. He was also happy to help anybody that intended
to make individual fishpond like him. Then, villagers all trusted in him and
actively participated in the project activities.
3.2.7. Lessons learnt from the upgraded role of women in family
and society: in traditional societies of most ethnic minorities in the FSDP
areas, role of women is low in both family and society. Those ethnic societies
naturally considered all heavy load works in family have to be carried by
women. Women have no rights, especially right of decision making and right of
voice, meanwhile men have all rights including bad right of being drunken. The
EMDP activities of FSDP, especially the one that were privately selected for
women (38.18%) have made remarkable sence to involve them in participation
(among total 51.44% of female participated, only 5.72 % of the Kinh and the
remains, 45.72% of female ethnic minorities), and made them have their role
upgraded in both family and society. For these ethnic minority communities,
after three years participated in EMDP activities, right of decision making and
right of voice of women were much improved. “Participation of wives and
daughters also make husbands and fathers to feel shame at being drunken and
some decided to quit of drinking” (spoken by Mrs. Ho Truong Sinh, Kor ethnic,
Village III, Truong Giang commune, Bac Tra My district, Quang Nam).
3.2.8. Lessons
learnt from the ethnic minorities’ unsustainable development due to lack of
market capacity and lack of diversification of products: the event of the Kinh
dealers invested in the ethnic minority inhabitants’ forest plantation plots,
and asked for unfairly sharing benefits with the villagers of Tra Tan, and Tra
Bui communes (Tra Bong, Quang Ngai) proved the ethnic rick of market capacity.
And the event of the ethnic forest plantations were ruined by the typhoons No.
9 and No. 11 in 2009, and villagers forced to sell their forest plantation
products in so low prices, that made some ethnic minority households to fall in
bankrupt proved and their risk of market capacity lack, and their risk of lack
of diversification of products. “Villagers could not develop, even could not
maintain business with their forest plantations in sustainability under lack in
market capacity and in diversification of products with indigenous trees”.
(spoken by Chairman of Communal People Committee of Tra Tan, Tra Bong
district).
4.1. Recruitment of DIU EMDP staff for New EMDPs: Due to the
importance of EMDP activities impacts on ethnic minority development, the CPCU
should recruit DIU EMDP staff for the DIUs of Ba To, Tra Bong (Quang Ngai), and
Hiep Duc (Quang Nam), whose new EMDPs will be implemented in 2010.
4.2. Facilitation of New EMDPs Implementation: Pursuant to the
seccessful lessons learnt from the role of PPMU and DIUs of Quang Ngai in
implementation of EMDP activities, CPCU should facilitate the PPMUs and DIUs
whose new EMDPs will be implemented in 2010 in paying more attention on pushing
up of implementation of EMDP activities.
4.3. Implement
EMDPs Case Studies: Every project province has selected an EMDP as a case
study: Binh Dinh selected Canh Thuan and Canh Hiep; Quang Ngai: Tra Tan (Old
EMDP) and Ba Vinh (New EMDP); Quang Nam: Tra Giang (Old EMDP) and Song Tra (New
EMDP); and Thua Thien Hue: Xuan Loc and Thuong Nhat. All the case studies EMDP
activities should be paid more attention on implementation.
4.4. Assessment and Evaluation of EMDPs Case Studies: It is recognized
that assessments and evaluations of the EMDPs Case Studies pay remarkable role
in drawing of good lessons regarding all experiences ethnic villagers learnt,
and helped in improvement of their life and participation. That is why CPCU
should select an Independent Monitoring Organization for assessing evaluating
of EMDP case studies from four project provinces.
4.5. Holding a conference on EMDPs’ impacts: A conference on
ethnic minority development in national level of forest sector should be held
to formulate procedures of support in ethnic minority development, especially
the procedures of designing, implementing and assessing of an EMDP for a forest
project according to the EMDP template the FSDP applied for 9 new EMDPs of
Quang Nam and Quang Ngai.
________________________________________
Còn tiếp…..
* Ghi chú: Final Report (Báo cáo cuối
cùng cho World Bank) được đăng để kỷ niệm 30 năm làm cho các Dự án của World Bank
(bắt đầu từ 1990 với việc chuẩn bị tài liệu để UNESSCO công nhận di sản Thiên
nhiên Thế giới Hạ Long, tiếp theo là xây dựng Bảo tàng Sinh thái Hạ Long); và
20 năm làm cho các Dự án của Bộ NN&PTNT (bắt đầu từ 2000 với DA Đa dạng hóa
Nông nghiệp – Phát triển Cao su Tiểu điền 11 tỉnh Miền Trung và Tây Nguyên) với tư cách là Chuyên gia Phát
triển Xã hội và Dân tộc Thiểu số.
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